Sentence Structure

In general one uses the same pattern as in English: Subject - Predicate - Object.
But because of case, gender and number inflections in Polish you can handle this scheme quite flexible.
In questions and imperative sentences the word order is exactly the same as it would be in English.

If the sentence contains a pronoun as a subject, it usually is omitted.
So you can say "Mam kotkę." instead of "Ja mam kotkę.". (meaning "I have a cat.")

Adverbs and the negation particle nie usually precede the word or phrase.

Adjectives:
Adjectives stand before the noun if they refer to an incidental feature of the noun. In case they refer to an intrinsic feature they follow the noun. Possessives, demonstratives, etc. always precede the noun.
To jest niebieska książka. (This is a blue book.)
To jest książka niebieska. (This is the blue book.)
To jest moja nsiążka. (This is my book.)

Sub and main clauses:
If you have a main and one (or more) subordinate clauses, the main clause is usually the 1st. In some cases the opposite is possible, esp. when the sub-clause begins with jeśli, jeżeli or gdyby.

Emphasis:
The phrase that should be emphasized usually stands right in the beginning of the sentences. In some cases it can also be put at the end of the sentence.

Commas:
1. Between phrases (or words) that of the same grammatical function.
Przychodziłem, widziełem, zwyciężąłem. (I came, saw and won.)
2. After an interjection. In this case you can also use an exclamation mark as you would in English.
Cześć, jak się panu powodzi? or Cześć! Jak się panu powodzi? (Hi! How are you?)
3. Before conjunctions as a, ale, lecz and before conjunctions that begin a sub clause.
4. Before the 1st of two conjunctions standing together.
5. If you add extra information to a sentence using i to; i tak; albo or raczej, you have to put the comma before this conjunction and if the original sentence continues after the interlude, a comma is needed at the end of the interjection too.
6. Before relative clauses, which are usually introduced by który.

Direct speech:
In Polish one uses dashes ( - ) to indicate direct speech. It is only required in the beginning and when the narrator adds a comment.
-Gdzie jest ona - zapytała Ala - Nie ma jej tutaj.
"Where is she?" asked Ala. "She is not here."

You use " to enclose speech within speech and around thoughts, quotations and figurative references.